GAMELAN
The term refers more to the set of instruments than to the players of those instruments. A gamelan is a set of instruments as a distinct entity, built and tuned to stay together – instruments from different gamelan are generally not interchangeable.
The word gamelan comes from the Javanese word gamels, meaning "to strike or hammer", and the suffix an, which makes the root a collective noun.
[edit]History of gamelan music
Musicians performing musical ensemble, bas-relief of
Borobudur.
Gamelan orchestra (1870-1891)
The gamelan predates the Hindu-Buddhist culture that dominated Indonesia in its earliest records and instead represents a native art form. The instruments developed into their current form during the
Majapahit Empire.
[1] In contrast to the heavy Indian influence in other art forms, the only obvious Indian influence in gamelan music is in the Javanese style of singing.
[2]In Javanese mythology, the gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in
Saka era 167 (c. AD 230), the god who ruled as king of all Java from a palace on the Maendra mountains in Medangkamulan (now
Mount Lawu). He needed a signal to summon the gods and thus invented the gong. For more complex messages, he invented two other Gongs, thus forming the original gamelan set.
[3]The earliest image of a musical ensemble is found on the 8th century
Borobudur temple, Central Java. Musical instruments such as the bamboo flute, bells, drums in various sizes, lute, and bowed and plucked string instruments were identified in this image. However it lacks metallophones and xylophones. Nevertheless, the image of this musical ensemble is suggested to be the ancient form of the gamelan.
In the palaces of Java are the oldest known ensembles, the
Munggang and Kodokngorek gamelans, apparently from the 12th century. These formed the basis of a "loud style". A different, "soft style" developed out of the
kemanak tradition and is related to the traditions of singing
Javanese poetry, in a manner which is often believed to be similar to performance of modern
bedhaya dance. In the 17th century, these loud and soft styles mixed, and to a large extent the variety of modern gamelan styles of Bali, Java, and Sunda resulted from different ways of mixing these elements. Thus, despite the seeming diversity of styles, many of the same theoretical concepts, instruments, and techniques are shared between the styles.
[4][edit]Varieties of gamelan ensembles
Javanese gamelan played also in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Varying forms of gamelan ensembles are distinguished by their collection of instruments and use of voice, tunings, repertoire, style, and cultural context. In general, no two gamelan ensembles are the same, and those that arose in prestigious courts are often considered to have their own style. Certain styles may also be shared by nearby ensembles, leading to a regional style.
The varieties are generally grouped geographically, with the principal division between the styles favored by the
Balinese,
Javanese, and
Sundanese peoples. Sundanese gamelan is often associated with
Gamelan Degung, a Sundanese musical ensemble that utilises a subset of modified gamelan instruments with a particular mode of
pelog scale. Balinese gamelan is often associated with the virtuosity and rapid changes of tempo and dynamics of
Gamelan gong kebyar, its best-known style. Other popular Balinese styles include Gamelan and
kecak, also known as the "monkey chant." Javanese gamelan was largely dominated by the courts of the 19th century central Javanese rulers, each with its own style, but overall is known for a slower, more meditative style than that of Bali.
Outside of the main core on Java and Bali, gamelans have spread through migration and cultural interest, new styles sometimes resulting as well. Malay gamelans are designed in ways that are similar to the Javanese gamelan except they lack most of the elaborating instruments and are tuned in a near-equidistant slendro, often using a western Bb or C as a tuning basis. Javanese emigrants to Suriname play gamelan in a style close to that found in Central Javanese villages. Gamelan is also related to the
Filipino kulintang ensemble. There is also a wide variety of gamelan in the West, including both traditional and experimental ensembles.
[edit]Cultural context
In Indonesia, gamelan usually accompanies dance
wayang puppet performances, or rituals or ceremonies. Typically players in the gamelan will be familiar with dance moves and poetry, while dancers are able to play in the ensemble. In wayang, the
dalang (puppeteer) must have a thorough knowledge of gamelan, as he gives the cues for the music. Gamelan can be performed by itself – in "klenengan" style, or for radio broadcasts – but concerts in the Western style are not traditional.
[5]Gamelan's role in rituals is so important that there is a Javanese saying, "It's not official until the gong is hung."
[6] Some performances are associated with royalty, such as visits by the
sultan of Yogyakarta. Certain gamelans are associated with specific rituals, such as the
Gamelan Sekaten, which is used in celebration of
Mawlid an-Nabi (
Muhammad's birthday). In Bali, almost all religious rituals include gamelan performance. Gamelan is also used in the ceremonies of the
Catholic church in Indonesia.
[7] Certain pieces are designated for starting and ending performances or ceremonies. When a "leaving" piece (such as "
Udan Mas") is begun, the audience will know that the event is nearly finished and will begin to leave. Certain pieces are also believed to possess magic powers, and can be used to ward off evil spirits.
[6]Gamelan is frequently played on the radio. For example, the
Pura Pakualamangamelan performs live on the radio every Minggu Pon (a day in the 35-day cycle of the
Javanese calendar).
[6] In major towns, the
Radio Republik Indonesia employs professional musicians and actors, and broadcast programs of a wide variety of gamelan music and drama.
[8]In the court tradition of central Java, gamelan is often played in the
pendopo, an open pavilion with a cavernous, double-pitched roof, no side walls, and a hard marble or tile floor. The instruments are placed on a platform to one side, which allows the sound to reverberate in the roof space and enhances the acoustics.
[9]In Bali, the Gamelan instruments are all kept together in the balai banjar, a community meeting hall which has a large open space with a roof over top of it with several open sides. The instruments are all kept here together because they believe that all of the instruments belong to the community as a whole and no one person has ownership over an instrument. Not only is this where the instruments are stored, but this is also the practice space for the sekaha (Gamelan orchestra). The open walls allow for the music to flow out into the community where the rest of the people can enjoy it.
The sekaha is led by a single instructor whose job it is in the community to lead this group and to come up with new songs. When they are working on a new song, the instructor will lead the group in practice and help the group form the new piece of music as they are practicing. When the instructor creates a new song, he leaves enough open for interpretation that the group can improvise and as a group they will be writing the music as they are practicing it.
The Balinese Gamelan groups are constantly changing their music by taking older pieces they know and mixing them together as well as trying new variations on their music. Their music is always constantly changing because they believe that music should grow and change; the only exception to this is with their most sacred songs which they will not change. A single new piece of music can take several months before it is completed.
Men and women usually perform in separate groups, with the exception of the
pesindhen, the female singer who performs with male groups.
[8]In the West, gamelan is often performed in a concert context, but may also incorporate dance or wayang.
Celempung – Indonesian Embassy in
Canberra.
The tuning and construction of a gamelan orchestra is a complex process. Javanese gamelans use two
tuning systems:
sléndro and
pélog. There are other tuning systems such as
degung(exclusive to Sunda, or West Java), and
madenda (also known as
diatonis, similar to a European
natural minor scale). In central Javanese gamelan,
sléndro is a system with five notes to the
diapason (
octave), fairly evenly spaced, while
pélog has seven notes to the octave, with uneven intervals, usually played in five note subsets of the seven-tone collection. This results in sound quite different from music played in a western tuning system. Many gamelan orchestras will include instruments in each tuning, but each individual instrument will only be able to play notes in one. The precise tuning used differs from ensemble to ensemble, and give each ensemble its own particular flavour. The intervals between notes in a scale are very close to identical for different instruments
within each gamelan, but the intervals vary from one gamelan to the next.
Colin McPhee remarked, "Deviations in what is considered the same scale are so large that one might with reason state that there are as many scales as there are gamelans."
[10] However, this view is contested by some teachers of gamelan, and there have been efforts to combine multiple ensembles and tuning structures into one gamelan to ease transportation at festival time. One such ensemble is gamelan Manikasanti, which can play the repertoire of many different ensembles.
Balinese gamelan instruments are commonly played in pairs which are tuned slightly apart to produce interference
beats, ideally at a consistent speed for all pairs of notes in all registers. It is thought that this contributes to the very "busy" and "shimmering" sound of gamelan ensembles. In the religious ceremonies that contain gamelan, these interference beats are meant to give the listener a feeling of a god's presence or a stepping stone to a meditative state.
[edit]Notation
Traditionally gamelan music is not notated and began as an
oral tradition; however, in the 19th century, the kratons of Yogyakarta and Surakarta developed distinct notations for transcribing the repertoire. These were not used to read the music, which was memorized, but to preserve pieces in the court records. The Yogyanese notation is a checkerboard notation, which uses six or seven vertical lines to represent notes of higher pitch in the
balungan (core melody), and horizontal lines which represent the series of beats, read downward with time. The fourth vertical line and every fourth horizontal line (completing a
gatra) are darkened for legibility. Symbols on the left indicate the
colotomic structure of gongs and so forth, while specific drum features are notated in symbols to the right. The Solonese notation reads horizontally, like Western notation, but does not use barlines. Instead, note values and rests are squiggled between the notes.
[11]Today this notation is relatively rare, and has been replaced by
kepatihan notation, which is a cipher system. Kepatihan notation developed around 1900 at the
kepatihan in Surakarta. The pitches are numbered (see the articles on the scales
slendro and
pélog for an explanation of how), and are read across with dots and lines indicating the register and time values. Like the palace notations, however, they record only the balungan part, and to a large extent what is heard relies on memorized patterns the performers call upon during performance. However, teachers have also devised certain notations, generally using kepatihan principles, for the
cengkok (melodic patterns) of each
elaborating instrument. In ethnomusicological studies, transcriptions are often made onto a Western staff, sometimes with unusual
clefs.
[12][edit]Influence on Western music
The gamelan has been appreciated by several western composers of
classical music, most famously
Claude Debussy who heard a Javanese gamelan play at the
Paris Exposition of 1889 (
World's Fair). (The gamelan Debussy heard was in the
slendro scale and was played by Central Javanese musicians.
[13]) Despite his enthusiasm, direct citations of gamelan scales, melodies, rhythms, or ensemble textures have not been located in any of Debussy's own compositions. However, the equal-tempered
whole tone scale appears in his music of this time and afterward,
[14] and a Javanese gamelan-like heterophonic texture is emulated on occasion, particularly in "Pagodes", from
Estampes (solo piano, 1903), in which the
great gong's
cyclic punctuation is symbolized by a prominent perfect fifth.
The composer
Erik Satie, an influential contemporary of Debussy, also heard the Javanese gamelan play at the Paris Exposition of 1889. The repetitively hypnotic effects of the gamelan were incorporated into Satie's exotic
Gnossienne set for piano.
[15]Direct homages to gamelan music are to be found in works for western instruments by
John Cage, particularly his
prepared piano pieces,
Colin McPhee,
Lou Harrison,
Béla Bartók,
Francis Poulenc,
Olivier Messiaen,
Pierre Boulez,
Bronislaw Kaper and
Benjamin Britten. In more recent times,
American composers such as
Henry Brant,
Steve Reich,
Philip Glass,
Dennis Murphy,
Loren Nerell,
Michael Tenzer,
Evan Ziporyn,
Daniel James Wolf and
Jody Diamond as well as
Australian composers such as
Peter Sculthorpe,
Andrew Schultz and
Ross Edwards have written several works with parts for gamelan instruments or full gamelan ensembles.
I Nyoman Windha is among contemporary Indonesian composers that have written compositions using western instruments along with Gamelan. Hungarian composer
György Ligetiwrote a piano étude called
Galamb Borong influenced by gamelan. American folk guitarist
John Fahey included elements of gamelan in many of his late-60s sound collages, and again in his 1997 collaboration with
Cul de Sac,
The Epiphany of Glenn Jones. The experimental art-rock band
King Crimson, while not using gamelan instruments, used interlocking rhythmic paired guitars that were influenced by gamelan.
[16] On the debut EP of
Sonic Youth the track 'She's not Alone' has a gamelan timbre. Experimental pop groups
The Residents,
23 Skidoo (whose 1984 album was even titled
Urban Gamelan),
Mouse on Mars,
His Name Is Alive,
Xiu Xiu,
Macha,
Saudade,
The Raincoats and the
Sun City Girls have used gamelan percussion. The gamelan has also been used by British multi-instrumentalist
Mike Oldfield at least three times, "Woodhenge" (1979), "The Wind Chimes (Part II)" (1987) and "Nightshade" (2005). Avant-garde performance band
Melted Men uses Balinese gamelan instruments as well as gamelan-influenced costumes and dance in their shows. The
Moodswinger built by
Yuri Landman gives gamelan–like clock and bell sounds, because of its
3rd bridge construction. Indonesian-Dutch composer
Sinta Wullur has integrated Western music and gamelan for opera.
Recently, many Americans were first introduced to the sounds of gamelan by the popular anime film
Akira. Gamelan elements are used in this film to punctuate several exciting fight scenes, as well as to symbolize the emerging psychic powers of the tragic hero, Tetsuo. The gamelan in the film's score was performed by the members of the
Japanese musical collective
Geinoh Yamashirogumi, using their
semar pegulingan and
jegog ensembles. Gamelan and kecak are also used in the soundtrack to the video games
Secret of Mana and
Sonic Unleashed. The musical soundtrack for the Sci Fi Channel series
Battlestar Galactica features extensive use of the gamelan, particularly in the 3rd season,
[17] as do
Alexandre Desplat's scores for
Girl With A Pearl Earring and
The Golden Compass.
Loops of gamelan music appear in electronic music. An early example is the Texas band
Drain's album
Offspeed and In There, which contains two tracks where trip-hop beats are matched with gamelan loops from Java and Bali and recent popular examples include the
Sofa Surfers' piece
Gamelan, or
EXEC_PURGER/.#AURICA extracting, a song sung by
Haruka Shimotsuki as part of the
Ar tonelico: Melody of Elemia soundtracks.
